The Media and Mass Misinterpretation of Islam Essay -- Argumentative P

The Media and Mass Misinterpretation of IslamAs the cross is the symbol of Christianity, the Star of David the symbol of Judaism, the rounded moonlight and Star are supposedly the symbols of Islam. Islam at its core is a peaceful religion, which like many other religions over the ages has at times been misunderstood non only as to the values it preaches, but also in relation to its core beliefs.Although in todays post September 11th land Islam and its followers, who are also known as Muslims, tend to be associated with acts of scourgeism, the Middle East and anti-Ameri ordure beliefs, Islam at its core is radically different than what most stack perceive it to be. Being the fastest-growing religion in the world, Islams 1.2 billion practitioners reside passim the hemispheres. Although generally linked with the Middle East, Muslims can be found residing throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia and even in the Americas. The fact that Islam is such a profound religion in terms of size and influence can be very deceiving. For example, amongst roman letters Catholics if there is a dispute regarding Catholic tradition, morals, symbols, or teachings, all of these issues could and often are addressed by the Vatican. However, within Islam there is no such function as a central authoritative automobile trunk which can resolve disputes, manage problems, etc. Thus when most non-Muslims see violence or acts of terror inflicted on a group of people by Muslims, who often boldly state that what they have done is in the name of their religion, no central body exists which one can go to in an effort to see if this religion really is one of violence or peace. Within Islams holy adjudge or Quran, which is akin to our largely Christian-based cultures Bible, ... ...s a radically different religion that what most people perceive it to be. Due to the fact that through todays media rich world billions of people world-wide are exposed to the opinions of a daring few, the v iews we have regarding groups of people as well as individuals themselves can often be misconstrued. In the case of the Muslim religion, a lack of a central authoritative body within the religion itself, general historic misconceptions as well as those recent ones promoted by the media have led the majority of the non-Muslim world to a mass misinterpretation of Islam, its followers and their beliefs. Works CitedAbout.com. Crescent Moon Symbol of Islam?http//islam.about.com/library/weekly/aa060401a.htm Discover Islam. http//www.discoverislam.com/Stevenson, Seth. Islam? A Peaceful Religion. 24 Oct. 2001http//slate.msn.com/?id=117525

Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay

The Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway In his novels Ernest Hemingway suggests a code of behavior for his characters to follow one that demands courage in difficult situations, strength in the face of adversity, and grace under pressure. Termed the code hero, this character is driven by the principal ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a sustenance of stress, misfortune, and pain. Despite the heros fight against life in this violent and disorderly world, he is r arly the victor. The code that the hero follows demands that he act honorably in this rising battle and find fulfillment by becoming a man and proving his worth. Hemingway himself lived his life trying to show how strong and unlimited he was, a trait reflected in his novels as his heroes struggle through. They are all martyrs to their cause, suffering but triumphantly ending their lives because they do non falter and show no weakness. Destroyed, they are nevertheless winners because they do not give in. Success is that old ABC -- ability, breaks, and courage (Luckman n. pag.). Hemingways heroes succeed precisely because of these characteristics. Hemingways heroes are not Marvel Heroes they do not leap over tall buildings in a single bound, nor do they shoot spider webbing from their hands. They traverse life and endure the pain dealt them, live on with a moral and spiritual, but not material, victory. They are not flat cardboard characters but real people who are heroes because they overcome a problem, not because they have a special ability. The key trait that they have is the retention of their dignity. The code heroes in TheOld Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the B... .... _____. The Old Man and the Sea. regular army Scribners, 1952. _____. Quotations Organized by Topic, <http//www.quoteland.com/quotes/ event/147.html> (18 May 1999). _____. The Sun Also Rises. USA Scribners, 1926. Lord Byron. Quotations Organized by Topic, <http//w ww.quoteland.com/quotes/topic/147.html> (18 May 1999). Luckman, Charles. Quotations Organized by Topic, <http//www.quoteland.com/quotes/topic/147.html> (18 May 1999). McConnell, Frank. The Modern Novel in America, Regnery, revised edition,1963, pg. 814. Rpt. In World Literature Criticism. Detroit Gale Research, 1992. Oscar Wilde. http//www.cp-tel.net/miller/BilLee/quotes/Wilde.html (18 May 1999). Shalizi, Cosma. For Whom the Bell Tolls, <http//www.physics.wisc.edu/shalizi/Poetry/Donne/For_whom_the_Bell_Tolls> (1 May 1999).

Junk :: essays research papers

In my last speech I talked about globalisation and more specifically the affect of NAFTA on the Mexican lemon farmers. As a result of the removal of tariffs on agricultural products, Mexico, a country once self fitting in basic grains, today imports 95 sh are of its soy, 58 percent of its rice, 49 percent of its wheat, and 40 percent of its meat. This has resulted in Mexican corn farmers existence put out of business. More than 80 percent of Mexicos extreme poor live in rural areas, and more than 2 million are corn farmers. There is no way they can compete with subsidized American agribusiness. In my last speech I didnt mention the affect of globalization on the U.S. In the U.S., a comparison between the 1930s and today tells a similar grim tale. Then, 25 percent of the population lived on the nations 6 million farms today, 2 million farms are home to 2 percent of the population. Small family farms have been overwhelmingly replaced by large commercial farms, with 8 percent of f arms accounting for 72 percent of sales. Small family farms cant compete with the large industrialized farms, where the only relevant objective is profit margin. While doing my research for this speech I was trying to find some type of policy that the U.S. carries for globalization, to my surprise there is no actual outlined policy. There are policies on various different topics that all fit into the globalization. I would like to concentrate on our trade policy in terms of factory farm.The World Trade organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) requires that countries open their economies to agricultural products. Due to the low or at times non existent tariffs on importing and exporting we are cutting jobs domestically and abroad. With American markets already saturated, the U.S. is aggressively pushing to open up foreign markets -- with great success. Already, one out of three acres plant in the United States produces food or fiber destined for export, and one quarter o f American farm sales are now exports. Though agriculture was the incentive to lure the Third World into the WTO and other trade agreements, it has turned into the most contentious issue as the Third World is devastated by the dispose of cheap and subsidized agricultural products from the United States and the European Union. While beefing up agribusiness with agricultural subsidies (the U.

Heroism, Magic and Retribution in Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit Essa

Heroism, Magic and Retribution in Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit A fantasy is an imaginary world where all things imaginable puke be brought to life. J.R.R Tolkien portrayed fantasy through his use of skilled craftsmanship and a vivid imagination, which was presented in each piece of literature he wrote. In Tolkiens two stories The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings we see the theme of fantasy brought to life through three essential elements, heroism, magic and retribution. Heroism is shown through the characters courage and bravery in situations where conflict arises and this enables them to be seen in a new light. Magic is a form of extraordinary power seemingly through a superhuman force it is used in a combination of combat and mystical items to aid the companions on their journey. Retribution is paid to the evil forces for the wrongs society had to endure man they were allowed to dominate. This system allows opportunity for physical and mental development in the characters and the aspect of fantasy to come to life. During the characters quest, weather they were headed to the Lonely Mountains or to the Cracks of Doom, they always experienced a form of heroism. In the story The Hobbit, we see heroic deeds being accomplished by the main character Bilbo. This occurs when the companions do battle with giant caustic spiders in Mirkwood forest. Bilbo finds depth and strength in his nature that he was surprised was there and smote these villainous creatures all on his own, saving his friends and adding to his stature among those in the group. in some manner the killing of the giant spider, all alone by himself in the dark without the help of the wizard or the Dwarves or anyone else, made a great contrariety to Mr. Baggin... ... fully understand the characters, as well as the major changes both physically and mentally which allow the characters to successfully complete their task to dominate everywhere the forces of evil. Works CitedChance, Jane The Lord of the Rings The Mythology of Power. New York, Twayne. 1992.Murray, Roxane Farrell. The Lord of the Rings as Myth. Unpublished thesis. The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 1974. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Hobbit. New York Ballantine Books, 1993. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings. New York Ballantine Books, 1997. Tyler, J.E.A. The Tolkien Companion. New York St. Martins Press, 1976. Urang, Gunnar. J. R. R. Tolkien ideate and the Phenomenology of Hope Fantasy in the Writing of J. R. R. Tolkien. United Press, 1971Wood, Ralph C. Traveling the one road The Lord of the Rings. The Century Feb. 97 208(4).

The Maturing of Jane in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Maturing of Jane in Jane Eyre         When a big cat hatches from its mothers egg, it enters this world as an innocent, pure creature.  As time passes by, it unwraps its cocoon and goes through metamorphosis.   Once the caterpillar grows into a fully developed  butterfly, it has lost its innocence and purity forever. Jane was an inexperienced caterpillar but her stay at Lowood and her challenging time at Thornfield with Mr. Rochester has changed her into an independent, mature butterfly.         When Jane was young, she taught herself to be virtuous.  Her aunts criticisms and punishments has made Jane realize that she wasnt treated as part of the family.  Her development of determination and self-reliance have more superior each day she played out at Gateshead.  Jane states ...I hate to live here.  This quote proves that Jane hated Gateshead and she was determined to find a mend place.         The place Jane found was the Lowood Institution for orphans.  It was not a better place but it helped Jane stand on her own feet.  Through the help of Helen Burns, Jane has learned to love, forget hatred and live her life in happiness.  Helen states Life appears too short to be spent in nursing animosity, or registering wrongs.  These words shows that Helen is more mature and experienced than Jane.  Jane observes Miss temple is full of goodness...  Miss Temple was another great influence in Janes life, she treated Jane as if she were her own daughter.  We realize now that Jane was no longer alone.  She had friends to love her and guide her to the next criterion in life.  Jane had not only gained more experience and confidence, she also achieved a great education during her eight years at Lowood.         Janes next destination was Thornfield where she was to become the governess o f Ad&232le, an orphan just like her.  Ad&232les presence reminded Jane of her old self and her awful childhood at Gateshead.  Jane taught Ad&232 le good virtues and the diversity of life.  She wanted Ad&232le to have a better childhood than she did.  Jane was happy at Thornfield mainly because of Mr. Rochesters love.  The following quotation states that Jane has fallen in love.

The Maturing of Jane in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Maturing of Jane in Jane Eyre         When a caterpillar hatches from its mothers egg, it enters this world as an innocent, pure creature.  As time passes by, it unwraps its cocoon and goes through metamorphosis.   Once the caterpillar grows into a to the full developed  scarcelyterfly, it has lost its innocence and purity forever. Jane was an inexperienced caterpillar but her stay at Lowood and her challenging time at Thornfield with Mr. Rochester has changed her into an independent, matured butterfly.         When Jane was young, she taught herself to be virtuous.  Her aunts criticisms and punishments has do Jane realize that she wasnt treated as part of the family.  Her development of determination and self-reliance become more superior each day she spent at Gateshead.  Jane states ...I detest to live here.  This quote proves that Jane hated Gateshead and she was determined to find a better place.         The place Jane found was the Lowood Institution for deprives.  It was non a better place but it helped Jane stand on her own feet.  Through the help of Helen Burns, Jane has learned to love, forget hatred and live her life in happiness.  Helen states Life appears too short to be spent in nursing animosity, or registering wrongs.  These words shows that Helen is more mature and experienced than Jane.  Jane observes Miss Temple is full of goodness...  Miss Temple was another keen influence in Janes life, she treated Jane as if she were her own daughter.  We realize now that Jane was no longer alone.  She had friends to love her and guide her to the next step in life.  Jane had not only gained more experience and confidence, she also achieved a great education during her eight years at Lowood.         Janes next destination was Thornfield where she was to become the g overness of Ad&232le, an orphan just like her.  Ad&232les presence reminded Jane of her old self and her awful childhood at Gateshead.  Jane taught Ad&232 le good virtues and the vicissitude of life.  She wanted Ad&232le to have a better childhood than she did.  Jane was happy at Thornfield mainly because of Mr. Rochesters love.  The following quotation states that Jane has fallen in love.

Repaying Kindness Essay

There is a saying that goes like this-Be kind to unkind volume they need it the most. I for one(a) believed it to be utter nonsense.for me it was one for ones self. Ever since is remember i was passed from one nurture home to another,never re altogethery belonging anywherenothing was black or white in my life. every thing was decorated in different sunglasses of grey. As soon as I was old enough I packed everything and rushed place to face the world on my own.but something good came out from my earlier misery. The little ten year old Im proud to call my sister. For me she was everthing.All the work I did,all the trouble I went through with(predicate) was for her. Never taking help from others because I alone wanted to be everything she needed. But when she got diagnosed with cancer ,I knew I would not be enough.but I was still as well as proud to cry out for help. Ive already learned that crying out for help goes unanswered. But by some miracle ,this time a benevolence from god ,without me even asking ,was granted in the form of a man my employee.Mr. Ilhum ,my employer was a jolly fat man with a beer belly. Although he was close to fifty,his only fry was an eight year old boy. His wife died at childbirth.it was really a sad case .from what I comprehend,they had been trying for a child for over 8 years.one week after Susane , my sister was diagnosed, he quite accidently found out the doctors report . to say he was floor would be quite an inderstatement.from then on he took over and had susane admitted .money was of no concern to him.When I once asked why he was doing it he said,every one deservers to tarry their life .according to him he wasnt doing as any us favours but he was doing something any m,an would do. Yeah right. I am pretty sure thither is no one else as crazy as him.Still I wasnt about to question his sanity,after all , he was saving my sister. Due to susanes cancer being caught at an early stage, the treatments were able to make her b etter and in no time,he was back to her old life. Every thing was fine again,but at the back of my mind,the question always remained how do I ever regress such a kindness?After about a month or so the answer soon came to me when I saw the fire dancing around his house.I was working in the outside garage when I heard shouts .but was got to me the most was the cry of a child. It was filled wit such terror that it send shivers down my spine.forgetting all about my work I rushed towards thehouse, I was consumed with horror. What a sight The two storey white house was no longer a happy picture,but a flaming ball of fire. What was worse was that all the people standing around and trying to put off the fire could see the little boy crying hysterically from the second window,but no one went to help him.Forget about repaying any kindness,all that was going throughmy mind was his crying face. After that everything was hazy due to the huge amount of adreline rushing throught me.but I do remem ber seeing the relief on the childs face when I scooped him in my arms. As soon as I got out, the firemen rushed at me wit wet blankets and put me in a stretcher. Mr.Ilhum was standing next to my,with his hands on another stretcher ,tears running freely from his eyes. It was then that I registered that the little boy was his. As the morphine started working it was hard to stay awake,but I do remember the words that was one heck of a way to repay a kindness,now I owe you one.

The Voice of Reason

At the end of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague decide to bushel peaceableness. Lord Montague promises to raise a coin statue of Juliet and Lord Capulet vows to do the same for Romeo. By this point in the story, there is no doubt that the families will keep their word. However, one is left thinking whether the peace will last or not. The deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt, Juliet and Romeo were all caused by the feud between the two families, yet it took Juliets death, combined with Romeos to end the feud.The lives that were lost big businessman be enough to maintain harmony between them for a long time, maybe forever. The Prince is the voice of reason in Romeo and Juliet. He was the one who forbade the Capulets and the Montagues from fighting in the streets because they would disturb the peace. Either way, Mercutio and Tybalt died, resulting in the banishment of Romeo. However, while the Prince tried to maintain the peace, he never quite dictated dow n the natural law with the battling families. Its like they say, if you cant see it, its not there.Once the Capulets and the Montagues were battling in full view of the people of Verona, the Prince just couldnt ignore it anymore. Yet what he did had no impact on the families whatsoever. Threats didnt scare them. So they continued hating each other. Where be these enemies? /Capulet Montague /See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,/That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. /And I for winking at your discords too/Have lost a brace of kinsmen all are punishd. (V. 3. 291-296) . In this quote, the prince is blowing up himself for doing almost nothing about the feud.He exclaims that because of their hatred for each other, the heavens punished them by taking their children, Juliet and Romeo. Finally understanding the horrors the feud had created, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague make amends to each other by agreeing to end the feud and raising gold statues in honor of Romeo an d Juliets deaths. Capulet O brother Montague, give me thy give-up the ghost This is my daughters jointure, for no more Can I demand. Montague But I can give thee moreFor I will raise her statue in pure goldThat while Verona by that name is known,There shall no figure at such rate be setAs that of true and faithful Juliet.Capulet As profuse shall Romeos by his ladys liePoor sacrifices of our enmity (V. 3. 297-306) For generations to come, the story of Romeo and Juliet will be passed down from Capulet to Montague to Capulet, maintaining the peace and uniting the families. Maybe there will be another(prenominal) Montague who falls in love with a Capulet and maybe this time, the ending will be a happy one. As the Prince mournfully states Some shall be pardond, and some(a) punishedFor never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo. (V. 3. 308-310)

How Effective Would an Increase in Government Spending Be at Promoting Economic Growth?

How effective would an increase in authorities expending be at promoting economic growth? stinting growth is best defined as a long- bourne expansion of the profitable potential of the economy. Sustained economic growth should lead prouder touchable living standards and rising employment. Short term growth is measured by the annual % change in au accordinglytic GDP. Government outlay is a substance of change magnitude aggregative demand, and if successful can help boost economic growth. Government spending tends to be directed at understructure and maintenance, as this not only creates jobs but creates a valuable asset. (AD DIAGRAM) (AS DIAGRAM) DESCRIPTION) Some government spending is necessary for economic growth as if it were zero, enforcing contracts, protecting property and developing infrastructure would be extremely difficult. Another way of putting this is that some government spending is necessary for successfully enforcing the law. There ar of course costs to c hange magnitude government spending, but there are also many benefits. One cost is that for governments to spend notes, they must first take it from someone. This is commonly achieved through taxation, which discourages productive behaviour. A balance must also be made when increasing tax.This is because an increase in tax means that businesses must either charge to a greater extent or make smaller profits, so inflation entrust occur at an increased rate as a by product. Borrowing money is another option, but brings with it interest rates and this money must be paid back. Government spending also has the effect of displacing private-sector activity. Every pound superlative the government spends effectively means one less pound in the productive sector of the economy. There are some ways government spending can pee-pee a high rate of return, such as the maintenance of a well-functioning legal system.Unforunately governments tend not to use resources efficiently. Destructive choi ces are frequently made as a result of government spending, often through subsidising economically undesirable programs. Examples of this welfare programs that encourage people not to work, as they prefer not to take the risk of being unable to find a better job, and would rather choose leisure over work. Flood redress programs encourage construction on flood plains. Government programs likes this reduce economic growth and national output because they promote underutilisation and misallocation of national resources.One could argue that government programs that subsidize retirement and housing are bad for the economy as a person allow for feel that there is not need to set asunder income if there are government programs that will finance these for them. Goverment spending also reduces competition. Those working in the private sector are constantly searching for ways to improve their products and reduce the cost in order to stand out from the rest, and this provides competition for others attempting to do the same, and this is a large contributor to innovation.However government programs are often provided for free, or are subsidised to a certain extent, so reduce the need for competition. This does not mean that there are no decreeds to increased government spending. If government spending increases there can be many ancillary effects. For example, if a government were to invest in infrastructure jobs would be created in the construction of this building, and then this could be bought for (as an example) office space which would create much jobs as people would need to work in this office.With these people having jobs they would then inject more than money themselves in to the economy through increased consumption. Maintenance is also necessary and increased spending on the matter can have plus effects, such as a rise in value of the area. If an area is left unmaintained the value will quickly depreciate and will negatively doctor both those who wor k in the area, and those who live there. Low value areas often attract crime, which can be a threat to companies and people.Increasing government spending on education that means that better quality education can be provided to those who cant afford private education and can only be a positive for the future. If more of us are educated well then the opportunity for a successful career increase, although it does not mean that one WILL have a successful career. However by better educating people we can increase the likelihood of long term economic growth for a country.This will be because better educated people will make better economic choices and have larger positive effects (better paid jobs mean more disposable income to flow back in to the economy, and more tax paid etc). Increases in government spending affects the aggregate demane, and these policies are known as expansionary pecuniary policy. Expansionary fiscal policy is unlikely to affect the long term growth rate of an eco nomy but it likely to (in the short term) increase aggregate demand, leading to a higher output. Unfortunately there is the side effect of increasing inflation growth rates as well.The Keynesian view states that the effectuality of fiscal policy depends upon how close the economy is to full employment. Below a certain point, expansionary fiscal policy will increase output and reduce unemployment without increasing inflation, but as this continues it will eventually increase both output and inflation. At the point of full employment, the Keynesian view states that expasionary fiscal policy will result only in inflation. Many people would argue that the UK cannot afford to increase government spending as taxes are already very high for well-nigh people, and we simply cant afford to increase public debt.If we are to agree that increased government spending will not in the long term boost the economy, then one competency argue that our efforts might be directed elsewhere. On the other hand, if we are to follow the Keynesian view we might agree that an increase in fiscal policy might be what we need. Currently unemployment rates are very high in much of the horse opera world, and this would be at the early stages of the model. By increasing fiscal policy we could increase output and reduce employment with little to no inflation. If money were to be invested by the government into our economy there is the possibility that it could go wrong.This could boil down either to poor handling of the money by the government, or by a negative reaction or both. If the money is spent where it is not needed, such as subsidising the low-end manufacturing industry we could see no increase in real output, as we are no longer able to compete with other parts of the world. However if the money was invested wisely, such as in high-end manufacturing and high-end services, we could see a real benefit. As was mentioned previously, there could be a lack of sufficient reaction to governm ent spending to make it worthwhile.For example if infrastructure is built, but then nobody purchases it (e. g. its in an undesirable area or companies cant afford the extra space/manpower). To conclude I think an increase in government spending could be successful at promoting economic growth, although this is likely to only be in the short term. However what is most important is that the money is spent wisely, where it is most needed and can be most beneficial. Too often governmental spending is inefficient (such as the subsidy of food production which led to a food surplus which was donated to Africa, meaning money was wasted).

Juvenile Corrections Essay

recent corrections encompasses the portions of the criminal justice system that deal with new-fashi atomic number 53d offenders. Many of these facilities and programs attend to mirror jails and prisons, but insubstantial corrections atomic number 18 not meant for long term sentences. Sometimes sentences for juveniles are only several weeks long. Juvenile corrections excessively have a strong focus on rehabilitation because studies have shown that juvenile offenders are more prone to rehabilitation than adult offenders. These programs and services were aimed to avail to teach these youthful offenders how to better deal with situations and how to avoid entering the into the criminal justice system again. (wisegeek)The judges who handle these juvenile cases specialize in operative with juvenile offenders and their crimes. Others who specialize in juvenile crime are a part of the juvenile corrections system as substantially. This complicates social schoolers, probation officer s, as well as others. Their aim is usually not to punish the juveniles alone, but to use the punishment as a way to rehabilitate them as well. (USLegal) Historical oscilloscope of Juvenile CorrectionsThe origins of juvenile corrections are not entirely clear. Juvenile and adult offenders have been treated differently for some time, but what ages are considered to be juvenile has changed over time. The United States perspective on juvenile ages and law was greatly influenced by English law. In the 1700s, William Blackstone, an English lawyer, published his Commentaries on the Laws of England, where he identified that young persons are incap able-bodied of committing crime. Generally, anyone under of the age of seven was incapable of committing crime. Any child over the age of 14 was able to be tried as an adult. Children between the ages of 7 and 14 are a gray area, but were generally not held accountable for their actions unless it could be shown that they knew what was reclaim or wrong. Punishments for being found guilty of crime included the death penalty, even for juvenile offenders. (ABA, 2011)The juvenile corrections system began to change and be improve in the nineteenth century. Social reformers began to create special facilities to rehabilitate troubled juveniles, especially in large cities, (ABA, 2011, p 5). These reformers stated that they wanted to protect these juvenile offenders by keeping them separate from the adult populations because they were better able to be rehabilitated. The first court system for juveniles in the United States started in 1899 in Illinois. These courts also aimed to rehabilitate the juvenile offenders. They had juvenile court systems in close states by 1824. The courts became the guardians of the juvenile offenders, or their parens patriae. These court proceedings were considered to be civil matters and not considered to be criminal matters. Their basic focus was on rehabilitating the juvenile offenders. (ABA, 2011)T he juvenile courts changed again in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the case of Gerald in In re Gault, the absolute Court granted many juveniles some, but not all, due process in good orders in the course of their court proceedings. This included the right to be notified of their pending charges, the right to have an attorney, the right to protect themselves against self-incrimination, and the rights to confront and cross-examine their witnesses. Three years later, in In re Winship, the Court also established that the accused must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In 1971, in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, the Courts ruled that juries are not required for juvenile proceedings. In most cases, the judge in charge of the juvenile corrections department will hear the case, judge the offender, and sentence the offender. (ABA, 2011)Recidivism Rates in Juvenile CorrectionsWhen it comes to measure a correctional agencys facilities and programs, recidivism order are most frequently use d. These rates guide spending and funding decisions aimed to effectively combat crime. tour there is no standard rate that is aimed for, the idea is to try to reduce the recidivism rate or even keep it the same opposed to raising it. When the recidivism rates are not progressing in the manner expected, these agencies must try to find other avenues and strategies that will make a positive impact on the recidivism rates, and in the long run, these juveniles lives. (CJCA, 2011)The Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) defines recidivism as a return to incarceration within three years of the offenders date of release from a state correctional institution. (Schelle, 2012) The 2011 recidivism rate for all juvenile offenders was 36.7%. The recidivism rate for African American juvenile offenders was 43.8%. Eighty-two percent of the juveniles who recidivated did so with a new crime, and the other 18% returned because of technical violations. Of all juveniles released in 2008, 40.9% of mal es returned to IDOC, while only 15.8% of females returned, (Schelle, 2012). Surprisingly, juvenile sex offenders had the lowest recidivism rate at 13.6%. (Schelle, 2012)Risk-Focused Juvenile Crime PreventionRisk factors for juvenile delinquency have been identified from multiple studies. These seek factors are different for older and younger juveniles. When focusing on the individual juvenile between the ages of 6-11, delinquency risk factors include being male, having a low IQ, having antisocial mental lieus and beliefs, dishonesty, having medical and physical problems, hyperactivity, exposure to television violence, midget offenses, having poor attitude and performance at school, and substance use. In this same age group, the childs family environment can also include risk factors as well. Some of these risk factors are being in a low socioeconomic status or poverty, having antisocial parents, having poor relationships, receiving harsh or inconsistent discipline, having a brok en home, being separated from their parents, and having abusive or neglectful parents. (Przybylski, 2008)For children between the ages of 12 and 14, the individual risk factors include general offenses, having a low IQ, displaying antisocial behavior, committing crimes against others, using physical violence, being male, displaying risk taking behaviors, displaying aggression, having low concentration, restlessness, and general offenses. Other factors also include having a poor attitude in school, academic failure, having weak social ties, and gang membership.Living in a community with high neighborhood crime, drugs, and disorganization are also factors. In this same age group, the childs family environment can also include risk factors as well. Some of these risk factors are lax or harsh discipline by parents, lack of adult or parental supervision, lack of parental involvement, having antisocial parents, having poor relationships, coming from a broken home, life sentence in povert y, being abused, and experiencing family conflict. With all of these risk factors being mentioned, It is important to recognize that risk factors cannot be used to identify which particular children will grow up to be offenders, (Przybylski, 2008, p 84).There are also protective factors that may help counter-act the risk factors mentioned above. These include the individual juvenile having a strong attitude or being intolerant toward deviance, having a higher IQ, being female, having more positive social skills and orientation, and deducting the sanctions for any transgressions. Some familial protective factors include having warm, strong, and supporting relationships with caregivers, good monitoring by parents, and the general support of the juveniles friends by the juveniles parents. Other protective factors include the juvenile being committed to their education, gaining recognition for extracurricular activities, and having friends who are also against deviant behavior. (Przyby lski, 2008)What Rehabilitation Efforts Work for Juveniles and Which Do NotThere has been much research on what programs work to rehabilitate juvenile offenders. The general results have been that the majority of the programs have no real effect on the juvenile recidivism rate aside from a few exceptions. The reason why juveniles have lower recidivism rates is believed to be because juveniles are not completely aware of the ramifications of their actions and do not always understand the true damage they inflict on their victims. (Lieb, 1994)The results of multiple studies indicate several approaches to rehabilitation that do not work. Those include visiting a probation officer one time per month, diagnostic assessments, behavior modification for any complex behaviors, broad discussion groups, attending school as a single approach, field trips, work programs, psychodynamic counseling, and therapeutic camping trips. The research used 50 different juvenile correctional programs and came to the conclusion that the results were, far from encouraging, and correctional treatment has little effect on recidivism, (Lieb, 1994, p 5).The results showed that some behavioral approaches received more positive results. An analysis used 90 residential and community programs for juvenile offenders. The analysis concluded that, sort approaches had the most success in reducing recidivism although the effects were so small that they could not reject the null hypothesis. Group therapy and transactional analysis programs were more likely to puzzle negative effects, (Lieb, 1994, p 5). What does seem to work is using correctional treatment and service utilizing three principles that include getting service to the high-risk juveniles, paying attending to the risk factors mentioned above, and using different styles of treatment depending on the needs and learning styles of the individual juvenile offender. (Lieb, 1994)ReferencesABA. (2011, June 29). The History of Juvenile Justice. Re trieved November 29, 2012, from American Bar Association http//www.americanbar.org/ meat/dam/aba/migrated/publiced/features/DYJpart1.authcheckdam.pdfCJCA. (2011). Recidivism Committee. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators http//cjca.net/index.php/initiatives/recidivism-committeeLieb, R. (1994). Juvenile Offenders What Works? A Summary of Research Findings. The Evergreen State College. Olympia Washington State contribute for Public Policy.Przybylski, R. (2008). What Works Effective Recidivism Reduction and Risk-Focused Prevention Programs. Denver RKC Group.Schelle, S. (2012). Juvenile Recidivism 2011. Indianapolis Indiana Department of Correction.USLegal. (n.d.). Juvenile Corrections Law & Legal Definition. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from USLegal.com http//definitions.uslegal.com/j/juvenile-corrections/wisegeek. (n.d.). What is Juvenile Corrections? Retrieved November 22, 2012, from wisegeek.com http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-juvenile-c orrections.htm

Stadium Contracts

Need to talk about criteria/ funding where the money came from The Wembley stadium was built using a Design and build Procurement strategy. A Design and build strategy is where a single chooseor is responsible for both the design and wrench of the stadium. The client must specify the type of construction they require and the dumbfoundor proposes the best design to meet this, this information was found at the web address Building. co. uk. A design and build project al bases the low risk factor as for the client has the contractor takes on the risk by offering a fixed cost contract.The web address designbuild-network. com states the pilot program provision for a building cost was around ? 352m, with total project costs of ? 757m. A fixed price contract protects the client from any expiring costs, for moral if the construction of the stadium was to have any over runs or delays. The main contractor building Wembley stadium was multiple (UK) Ltd and Cyril Sweett acted as independen t consultants to Wembley National roll Limited (WNSL). In April 2002 the client was advised by Cyril Sweet the multiple contract was representing value for money this was stated on web address designbuild-network. om. Although Multiplex was the main contractor the project was project managed by Symonds. From the outset of this project was focused on risk canalize, the WNSL passed on all the risk to Multiplex and Multiplex passed on the risk to Symonds. Although the procurement method between the WNSL and Multiplex was Design and build, the procurement strategy for Multiplex and their sub-contractors was solely focused on risk transfer and not the needs of the project. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.The project priorities was The management capability The bound of risk that WNSL were prep atomic number 18d to accept was http//www. building. co. uk/data/procurement-construction-management/3072705. artic le the http//www. designbuild-network. com/projects/wembley/ Terminal 5 The terminal 5 project procurement route was a single contract called the T5 agreement. The decision was made by BAA that rather than passing the risk on to the vast amount of contractors involved in the project, BAA would take on all the risk. The webs address christianwolmar. o. uk states Mathew Riley, the companys commercial director for Terminal 5, realised the financial consequences of risk being passed to contractors was the reason many recent construction projects had failed. BAA realised that projects such as the Jubilee Line Extension, the Scottish Parliament and the Millennium Dome had not really worked because ultimately the risk would always station across back on itself. Also many recent projects where the risk was attempted to be passed willed in massive legal claims and counterclaims.Terminal 5 was a large stand project involving over 60 contractors, 16 major projects and 147 sub-projects on a 260ha site. With such a project BAA realised that if the projects were to be built on time and within budget that a unique approach would be required. This information was found at web address www. airport-technology. com As a result of not wanting to pass on the risk, the sheer size of the project and the amount of contactors needed to be involved. The T5 agreement was a legally binding contract between BAA and its contractors. This agreement llowed the contractors to concentrate on the project and solving problems rather than worrying about time delays and risk. Web address the times online explains the clean Terminal Five at Heathrow is the current benchmark for construction best practice. The recipe is simple. A client that takes a level of ownership of project (in this part he created a challenging vision for how it wanted the project delivered) a procurement approach that offers incentives to all, for improvements in cost, or time or quality and and a proven construction an d design team who work in a collaborative and innovative way. ttp//www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ http//www. airport-technology. com/projects/heathrow5/ http//www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article700388. ece http//www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ Scottish Parliament Provide general background signal information on each project. cover the roles and responsibilities of the Client, Design Team and Contractor involved. The first Scottish parliament building was created in September 1997 after a referendum in which people of Scotland voted by almost three to one.The client, the Scottish government decided on building a complex building from a compartmentalization of steel, oak, and granite. The procurement route chosen by the Scottish government was construction management. The web address www. parliament. uk explains the procurement route chosen was to turn out to be the most signifi cant decisions during the project, and also states Construction management offers the advantage of speed but with the disadvantage of price uncertainty until the last has been leased.Construction management was chosen not only for allowing the project to be started quickly and the reduction in overall construction. But the procurement route allows for change in design during the project and problems are generally solved rather than passed around the separate contractors. Choosing construction management as a procurement strategy means the client is responsible for leading the project and must take liability for any risks or mistakes.The Scottish government would have to hire designers to design the building, then the design could have been put out to tender. The advantage of construction management is that all tenders are based on the same design and can be compared easily. The web address www. ehow. com explains the client then has a trade contractor then adds details to this plan and finalizes it with the client. After this, the client typically hires a construction manager to oversee the serve up and manage workers.Though the construction manager takes a strong, second-hand position the client is the person that is ultimately in charge. This allows a less experienced client to have misrepresent of the build with construction advise from the construction manager. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.http//www. ehow. com/about_6635095_construction-management-procurement_. html

History of philosophy Essay

The subscribe to of doctrine may deal with e genuinely dimension of human life and can ski lift questions in any field of study or endeavor. school of thought pursues questions rather than answers. Philosophy is not bound by any particular truths that set limits to the believe to continue asking questions. Philosophy changes historic completelyy both in respect to its content and its example. Definitions Etymologically, philosophy is derived from the Greek word philein or philia meaning love or friendship and sophia meaning wisdom. Hence, love of wisdom. The Chinese define philosophy as Zhe-Xue or Che Shueh (originally coined by Dr.Nishi Amane).Zhe means wisdom while Xue means study. Significantly, the Chinese character Zhe bears the emblem of mouth and hand which suggests the inseparability of words and action. This philosophy is the translation of words into action or the application of theory into praxis. Hence, for the Chinese, philosophy singles out a person to live on what he says. For the Hindus, philosophy is Darsana. Darsana means seeing, not only through the eyes but through the whole being of the wholeness that sees. In other words, philosophy for the Hindus means seeing the whole reality through a total advertence and involvement of the looker.Philosophy refers to the field of study of the process which accepts standards and guidelines for thought and for logic by which people develop concepts and principles which describe people, things and events, and techniques for using the concept and principles for the purpose of observing, analyzing, understanding, evaluating, organizing, and dealing with themselves and other people, things, and events who/which comp jump off reality (Kroepel, 2011) Philosophy refers to a human drive in the search of feelledge and wisdom to facilitate the evolution of man.Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of cosmos, of man, and of mans birth to existence. CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY In vagabond to live, a ma n must act in order to act, he must make choices in order to make choices, he must define a code of values in order to define a code of values, he must know what he is and where he is, he must know his own nature (including his means of association) and the nature of the universe in which he acts. All of this things put together, is the very concept of PHILOSOPHY. Origin of Philosophy western Philosophy began in Miletus ( accdg.to Reginald Ellen).The radix of the claim lies on Thales the acclaimed first philosopher. Historically, western philosophy began in Greece. The word philosophy is even derived from the Greek language and means a love of wisdom. Ancient western philosophy had three main branches ethics, logic, and physics. These three branches have now disjointed into even smaller sub-sections, covering everything from epistemology to aesthetics. Socrates was a large influence on western philosophy, but thither was a pre-Socratic era that covered philosophical topics. easte rn philosophy has its roots in religion, specifically the Abrahamic religions (Islam, Judaism & Christianism). It is to a greater extent concerned with asking questions about God and how the orbit relates to God. Abrahamic religions ( excessively Abrahamism) ar the monotheistic faiths of Middle Eastern origin, accentuation and tracing their common origin to Abraham or recognizing a driftual tradition identified with him. They be one of the major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian religions (Dharmic) and East Asian religions (Taoist).Abraham was said to have lived during the Iron Age sometime after 2000 B. C. E. , in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia. The way eastern philosophers created theories on knowledge and religion has led people to practice the philosophies of certain philosophers without adopting all aspects of that branch. For example, some people may consider themselves believers in the Buddhist philosophy, but they never actually go and worship Buddha . The eastern philosophers historically believed that religion was a large part of the study of philosophy.Contemporary practices of eastern philosophy often remove the spiritual part. Islam impacted much of what we now consider eastern philosophy, meaning that most branches have a religious aspect. The most common branches of eastern philosophy include Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Maoism, Shinto, Confucius, and Legalism. Both regions can attribute a large amount of current philosophical thought to some form of religion. The eastern military personnel chose to embrace religion as their main pursuit of knowledge, while the western world broke philosophy into a bunch of different branches.Branches of Philosophy Epistemology This refers to the branch of philosophy that is in the main delimit as the study of knowledge. It answers the question, how do we know? It encompasses the nature of concepts, the construction of concepts, the validity of the senses, logical authoring, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions and all things mental. It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Aesthetics refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of art.It answers the question, what life can be kindred? In philosophy, aesthetics is important be power it delves into the reason why art has always existed to reflect and express the desire and need of mankind through the ages to see the world in a different and clear way. It further evaluates art by using the standards of human life, and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying mans intellectual needs, or whether it tends to hurt or make worse of those needs. Metaphysics Literally means beyond physics, this refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of existence.It answers the questions, What is out there? or What is real? As the foundation of philosophy, metaphysics is also regarded a s the fundamental view of the world. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It determines whether the world is real, or merely an illusion. Ethics This refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of action. It answers the question, what should I do? Ethics deals with the proper course of action for man. Specifically, it answers whether or not a human act is good or bad.At a more fundamental level, Ethics can also be defined as the method by which people categorize values and pursue them. Logic It is the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of reason. It answers the question, what is aline reasoning? Furthermore, logic attempts to distinguish a fact from fallacy. Politics It refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of force. It answers the question, what acts are permissible? downstairs its philosophical perspective, politics is ethics applied to a group of people. Brief History of Philosophy.Pre-Socratic Philosophy Characterized by the rejection of the mythological explanation on the nature and phenomena in the universe. The psyches under this time period were mainly concerned with the search for the true essence of things and made use of systematic and scientific approach in unveil the realities in the universe. Pre-Socratic Philosophers Thales (c. 624 546 B. C. ) Greek philosopher who was regarded as the first philosopher in western tradition. He became cognise for positing that water is the single element that comprised all things in the universe.He also made famous the aphorism, know thy self. Anaximenes (c. 610 546 B. C. ) A student of Thales who postulated that air is the source of all things in the universe. His major contribution, however, was stating that nothing can be created from nothing. Matter, force, and energy are indestructible. These ideas later reappeared in physics in the laws of the conservation of matter an d energy. Anaximander He explained the world as originating in conflicts between contraries, such as hot and coolness and wet and dry. The cold partly dried up, leaving the Earth and its water.The hot turned some water into mist and air, while the remainder ascended to form flaming rings in the heavens. Holes in the rings are the sun, moon, and stars. CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY classical Philosophy was primarily characterized by the rise of the Great Greek Triumvirate Socrates, Plato & Aristotle. Classical Philosophers Socrates (c. 469 399 B. C. ) A Greek philosopher who became known as one of the most prominent philosopher in Ethics. Unlike his contemporaries, Socrates was more concerned with how people should behave rather than how the world works. Plato (c. 428 348 B. C. )A student of Socrates who become known for through his dialogues which contained the presentation of his ideologies and theories in a conversational form. Aristotle (c. 384 322 B. C. ) He was the student of Pla to and became known as the first thinker to create a comprehensive system of philosophy, encompassing Ethics, Aesthetics, Politics, Metaphysics, Logic and Science. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Medieval Philosophy was the period predominantly composed of philosophers who were concerned with proving the existence of God and with reconciling Christianity/Islam with the classical philosophy of Greece particularly that of Aristotle .This period also saw the establishment of the first universities, which became an important factor in the subsequent tuition of philosophy. Medieval Philosophers Avicenna (980 1037) A Persian philosopher, physician and polymath during the Golden Age of Islam. As a philosopher and a devout Muslim, he tried to reconcile the clear-sighted Greek philosophy with Islamic theology. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274) An Italian philosopher and theologian who became a great influence on subsequent Christian philosophies, particularly that of the papist Catholic Church.EARLY M ODERN PHILOSOPHY Early Modern Philosophy. The rise of Modern Philosophy can be attributed to certain historical and cultural changes that happened between the Age of Reason during the 17th century and the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century. Among the changes during the said period were the advancement in science, the growth of religious tolerance and the rise of liberalism (promotion of liberty and equality). Early Modern Philosophers Rene Descartes (1596 1650) A French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and writer of the Age of Reason.He has been called the Father of Modern Philosophy, and much of a subsequent Western philosophy can be seen as a response for his writings. He is responsible for one of the best-known quotations in philosophy Cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am (Mastin 2008). Baruch Spinoza (1623 1677) a Dutch philosopher who was a contemporary of Descartes. Spinoza became famous for his belief that absolutely everything including human conduct occurs through the operation of necessity, leaving absolutely no room for free will and spontaneity.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 1716) A German philosopher, mathematician, scientist and polymath who postulated the concept of monads which refers to the ultimate element of the universe from which all things, including human beings and God himself are made of. Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) A German philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. He is regarded as one of the most famous thinkers in modern philosophy. His contributions in all branches of philosophy are often described as being, immeasurable. Kants Copernican Revolution.One of the most popular Kantian theories which states that the representation of an physical object greatly helps the perceiver to perceive a certain object and not the object per se. To put it more accurately, tangible materials (such as the actual glass) are little important in perceiving the glass. What is important is how we experience the glassness of the glass through experience. Kant believed that the human mind can be compared to a tabula rasa (blank tablet). Examples It is like a computer with no operating system. A computer with no O. S. should be installed with diverse programs to function properly.A new born baby should be exposed with positive experiences which may affect his lifestyle and manner on how he/she perceive things. MODERN PHILOSOPHY Modern Philosophy. The modern period of philosophy generally refers to the 19th and twentieth centuries. The late 20th Century which is sometimes referred to as the contemporary period, became the venue of major development in philosophy characterized by the rise of new philosophical movements. Modern Philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748 1832) An English philosopher, political radical and legal and social reformer of the early modern period.He became the founder of the Utilitarianism which refers to the principle that holds that the right action is that which would cause the great est happiness of the greatest number. John Stuart Mill (1806 1873) An English philosopher and political scientist who was the protege of Bentham and conducted major improvements on the principles of Utilitarianism. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (pronounced NEE-cha) (1844 1900) A 19th Century German philosopher who was known for challenging the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality, famously uttering, God is Dead.EASTERN & WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES AN OVERVIEW Western Philosophy Refers to the philosophical thinking in the Western or occidental world, particularly in Europe. Historically, it refers to the philosophical thinking of Western civilization, beginning in ancient Greece. Western thought puts more emphasis on individualistism, science, math, and politics hence, keen-sighted and materialistic. It can be seen as the triumph of reason and empiricism over faith/religion a search involving many questions. Eastern Philosophy.Refers broadly to the various philosophies in the Eastern or Oriental world, particularly Asia and some Arab countries. Historically, it is heavily influenced by Hinduism the worlds oldest religion, beginning in India. Eastern thought puts more emphasis on interdependence (of human beings and nature), harmony, unity, and faith hence, meditative and spiritual. It can be seen as the triumph of faith/religion over science and reason an answer following realization. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN & WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES Western Philosophy.Is rational because most western thought focused on refining epistemology and logic. It emphasized that it is the individual using his/her rational ability to deduce the truth about the things around him/her, and this separates the individual as a subjective mind different from objective reality Nature, God, the Universe. Eastern Philosophy In the East, philosophers have been more concerned with ordaining society in a harmonious manner, finding humanitys proper enthrone in society and nature , acting and thinking in a way that would promote unity and order in the universe.It does not have to rely on rationality and often tries to transcend individuality itself to reveal a persons inherent sameness with the universe/nature. Reason is in fact seen as a stumbling block to truly understand reality. It focuses on how to live and tends to accept the way things are. Eastern thought is focused more on the mind and the spirit/soul, tending to offer a different level of internal experience (meditative) from which to draw conclusions. Thus, it would be hard to separate philosophy and religion.

End of Life Issues: Do Not Resuscitate Order Essay

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) methodicalness acts as an advance directive that prevents liveliness saving interventions, specifically Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), upon patient request. consort to Morton, Hudak and Fontaine (2004), DNR orders are usually cosmos administered to terminal patients with accompanying consent signed by the patient or cases (if incompetent patients) (p. 95). Once the DNR order has been made and signed in a written document, the hospital policies may or may not conduct critique within 24 to 72 hours.According to Morton, Hudak and Fontaine (2004), review is being done in order to prevent possible errors or inconsistencies with regards to the patient or representatives condition (95). DNR order is usually requested by the surrogate/ patient who may or may not yet be in terminal stage of sickness, or being recommended by health do by provider when no give-and-take is possible or the condition of the patient is irreversible.According to Orenstein and Stern (1997), DNR order violates various ethical principles, such as (1) beneficence or providing the utmost good for the patient, (2) violates the fundamental purpose of health care- to save lives, and (3) foster of demeanor and potential for survival (p. 363). The designed purpose of health care is to provide care, to initiate appropriate life-saving interventions, and to exhaust every possible resource or intervention that can save a persons life (Fink, 2004 p.230). Considering the actual mechanisms for attaining DNR orders, patient or surrogate can entirely request for this at a lower place their will and personal judgment although, some institutions review this request, the right of the patients autonomy furthers the implementation of the order, which eventually violates the basic principle of health care (Lo, 2005 p. 121). Despite of the common usage of DNR order, chores exist within the application and implementation of this policy.These problems include (1) inappropriate decision making of most patients requesting DNR, (2) essentially limits the possibility of life saving interventions or further alleviations of the condition, (3) impairs the effectiveness and efficiency of surgical operations if required, (4) increased incidence of finis among DNR patients regardless of death potentials, and (5) increased health cost due to longer hospital stays, palliative interventions and destruction within hospital premises. DiscussionEven without the confirmation of irreversible condition or actual rise that no health care options exist, the patient is given the opportunity to impose DNR orders by request, which eventually becomes abusive in nature and essentially defies the purpose of health care (Orenstein and Stern, 1997 p. 363). To justify the first cited problem of DNR (i. e. problematic patient-decision making for DNR request), According to Watcher, Goldman and Hollander (2005), most patients who ultimately receive DNR orders are competent at the tim e of admission, unless not competent (e.g. experiencing deficits in coherence, under confusion, experiencing severe pain, etc. ) when the DNR order is finally written (p. 123). In the study of Haidet, Hamel and Davis et al. (1998), even with physician or enatic discussion of DNR end-of-life care, patients with colorectal cancer have based their decisions mainly on personal intuitions of suffering and pain without the consideration of potential life saving treatment of their condition (63% n=212 of 339 respondents).From these statements, patients/ surrogate decision-makers most commonly base the decisions of their end-of-life care due to the pain and experienced suffering regardless of possible medical interventions for sale or stage of illness. For the second argument (limits the possibility of life saving interventions), according to the study of Beach and Morrison (2002), the presence of a DNR order affects the physicians initiatives and judgment on whether or not to request a variety of treatments not related to CPR.In the study, physicians absolutely agreed to initiate lesser interventions for patients with DNR order than patients who do not have (First test 4. 2 vs. 5. 0, P =. 008 Second test 6. 5 vs. 7. 1, P =. 004 Third Test 5. 7 vs. 6. 2, P =. 037). In conjunction to the next argument (impairs the effectiveness and efficiency of surgical operations), DNR orders cultivates reluctance of physicians in providing surgical or invasive procedures.According to Watcher, Goldman and Hollander (2005), general anesthesia, conscious sedation and invasive strategies can greatly precipitate the need for formal resuscitation. If DNR order is present, surgical operation can be very difficult and risky considering the limitations dictated on resuscitative interventions (p. 123). Considering such case, DNR patients who insist of acquiring surgery (e. g. surgical operations for bowel obstructions, pain relief, etc.) are facing critically at-risked operations. Consid ering the fourth problem of DNR patients (increased incidence of death among DNR patients), in the study of Shepardson, Youngner and Speroff (1999) with the population size of 13,337 consecutive stroke admissions with 22% (n=2898) DNR patients in 30 hospitals between 1991 to 1994, unadjusted in-hospital mortality range are higher in patients with DNR orders than in patients without orders (40% vs.2%, P 0. 001). Meanwhile, the results of the analysis with adjusted odds of death show 33. 9 (95% CI, 27. 4-42. 0). In conclusion, risk of death is evidently higher among those patients with DNR orders even after adjusting the odds of death. Evidently, DNR orders restrict potential life-saving interventions as well as palliative surgical procedures that can further unbosom the suffering and pain of the patient in the most appropriate means.As for the final argument of the paper (increased health costs of DNR patients compared to those without), according to the study of Maksoud, Jahnigen and Skibinsski (1993), patients dying under DNR orders greatly increase the health care costs due to (1) longer periods of hospital stay, (2) actual death within the hospital and (3) palliative measures being done to alleviate or at least minimize the pain and suffering of the patient throughout the process.According to the study, average charges for each patient who died were $61,215 with $10,631 for those admitted with a DNR order, and $73,055 for those who had a DNR order made in hospital (Maksoud, Jahnigen and Skibinsski, 1993).ReferencesBeach, M. C. , & Morrison, R. S. (2002, December). The effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on physician decision-making. diary of American Geriatric Society, 50, 2057-2061. Fink, A. (2004). Evaluation Fundamentals Insights Into the Outcomes, Effectiveness, and Quality of health Programs.London, New York SAGE Publishing. Haidet, P. , Hamel, M. B. , & Davis et al. , R. B. (1998, September). Outcomes, preferences for resuscitation, and physician -patient communication among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of American Medicine, 105, 222-229. Maksoud, A. , Jahnigen, W. , & Skibinski , C. I. (1993, May). Do not resuscitate orders and the cost of death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 1249-1253. Morton, P. , Hudak, C. M. , & Fontaine, D. (2004). Critical burster Nursing A Holistic Approach.New York, U. S. A Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Orenstein, D. M. , & Stern, R. C. (1997). Treatment of the Hospitalized Cystic Fibrosis Patient. New York, U. S. A Informa Health Care. Shepardson, L. B. , Youngner, S. J. , & Speroff, T. (1999, August). Increased Risk of Death in Patients With Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders. Journal of Medical Care Section, 37, 727-737. Wachter, R. M. , Goldman, L. , & Hollander, H. (2005). Hospital Medicine. New York, U. S. A Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Lecture Notes Beowulf Essay

Genre A heroic folk epic rooted in the oral tradition of the Anglo Saxons, Beowulf is an anonymous song committed to paper by an unknown Christian monk in 1000 Common Era, some 300 years after it was first composed. The manuscript is region of a document known as Cotton Vitellus A housed in a British Library. Beowulf belongs to the epic genre of long, narrative metrical compositions dealing with heroic deeds against a background of war and the sorcerous and themes of grandeur and significance.Full of legendary myths and somber, elegiac cadences, it has been composed in the Anglo Saxon vernacular and can be classed amongst other great epics such as the Illiad, Odyssey, Aenied and Paradise Lost to name a few. The name Beowulf is a kenning, Bee-Hunter reflecting the warrior heritage of the central character Basic Plot The poem is eponymously named for its hero Bewoulf, a great warrior and later(prenominal) King, who sets out to rescue King Hrothgar and his people from the monster G rendel. During the course of the poem, we see Beowulf slaying first Grendel and thusly his revenge seeking mother.Beowulfs final conflict takes place with the Dragon angered by the plunder of the treasure it is guarding. Structure of the Poem There are three prevailing views as to the structure of the poem -the structure is defined by the three increasingly difficult conflicts Beowulf faces -the structure can also be viewed in terms of kingship for instance, young Beowulf and old Beowulf with a different set of problems to be faced during for each one phase -the structure is that of interlacing of memories with narratives of present, a cyclical process of action, memory and reflectionBackground Although the poem is rooted in the Anglo Saxon as well as early Christian traditions, it reflects two unmistakable value systems frequently at odds with each other. For instance, in line with its Anglo-Saxon origins, the poem celebrates the Germanic heroic code, which, exemplifying the pa gan warrior culture, lays stress upon family ties, genealogy, immortality through fame and revenge for wrongs done to ones kith and kin. It determine ancestral heritage and individual reputation.Christianity, on the other hand, believes in immortality in terms of the afterlife and teaches that payback is best left to God. Bewoulf and Grendel Bewoulf is not just a warrior and king. He also serves as a pagan ideal and as an incarnation of Anglo Saxon values and beliefs. The Cain-descended Grendel, with his innate desire to tear asunder some(prenominal) has integrity, represents chaos and disorder, in contrast to Bewoulf, who represents order and cosmos. Grendel is the ultimate exile. Unferth Unferth acts as a foil to Beowulf by accentuating through contrast the character of the latter.He redeems his earlier verbal taunting (flyting) of Beowulf by continueing him his sword in a later conflict. Literary devices/techniques Litotes-understatement e. g, Cain had no pleasure from that find Kenning-metaphorical descriptions combining two words to offer evocative alternative to original Caesura-a pause in the line of a poem Alliteration- In language, beginning rhyme refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases.

Assignment on Business Strategy Essay

Assignment on handicraft Strategy 1 . Evaluate a company of your choices heraldic bearing statement in the light of the 3 comp nonpareilnts of any Mission Statement. Also use the Abel framework to evaluate the barter organisation definition that this mission statement drives. Ans. ) While a business must continually adapt to its competitive surroundings, on that point are certain middle ideals that go on relatively steady and provides guidance in the process of strategic decision making. These unchanging ideals from the business batch and are expresses in the company mission statement.The mission statement communicates the squiffys amount deology and prophesier goals, full generally consisting of the following three components a. Core values to which the firm is committed b. Core purpose of the firm c. Visionary goals the firm will pursue The firms core values and purpose constitutes its core ideology and remain relatively constant. They are independent of industry struc ture and the fruit life cycle. The core ideology is not created in the mission statement rather, the mission statement is simply an expression of what already exists.The specific phrasing of the ideology may change with the times, but the underlying ideology remains constant. here(predicate) is the Coca-Cola Companys mission statement for Stakeholders which is published in Jeffrey Abrahams new book, 101 Mission Statements From big top Companies . The Coca-Cola Promise The Coca-Cola Company exists to benefit and refresh e very(prenominal)one it touches. The basic proposition of our business is simple, solid, and timeless. When we bring refreshment, value, Joy and drama to our stakeholders, then we successfully nurture and protect our brands, busyly Coca-Cola.That is the refer to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide systematically seductive returns to the owners of our business. The audience for this mission is specifically for the stakeholder. The values here are ve rbalise explicitly refreshment, value, Joy, fun, and taking returns. These words were obviously carefully chosen by those who crafted this mission statement. The ultimate obligation of attractive returns is a powerful way to state the companys vision and keeps the values stated in context.A separate mission statement is published on The Coca-Cola Companys website for access by the general humans Everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission * To Refresh the World in body, mind, and spirit. * To revolutionize Moments of Optimism hrough our brands and our actions. * To Create Value and Make a Difference everywhere we engage. These values are consistent with the stakeholder magnetic declination of the mission refreshment and value are echoed in addition to inspiration. 2.What does a Business position specialise to achieve, and how? Evaluate any company of your choices Business Model in the light of the same. Ans. ) Business Models are simulations of actual business functi oning. They act as ideal real life examples, and help participants actively discuss the pros and cons of the situation given. A business Model gives a Full Account of any particular Business Scenario. One has to SWOT give way the Business Model based on different how it makes currency or delivers value, and what it does and does not do.A business model can change throughout the life of business or can be applied to a specific product, or to a nonprofit. It is a much general and concise statement than the business plan, but is still often used to explain the business and its activities to investors, banks or employees. Standard business models are often referred to in shorthand, such as subscription or inexpensive draw. As we know a business model is the mechanism by which a business intends to pecify a market offering. It is a summary of how a company plans to serve its customers and specifies its product offering.It mentions both the strategy and methods of implementation. As virago. com was being established, the delivery of information, goods, or services to end customers employed one strong business model called the Online Retailers of Physical Goods. This business model takes title to the newly manufactured products that they sell and often rely on third party providers. Like virago. com, it needed third party providers, such as Borders and Barnes & Noble, to maintain its product supply. When Amazon. om was first launched, Amazon. om was heralded for its feel-friendly culture that drew talented young people to apply for work there and employed smart hiring strategy by hiring the brightest, most intelligent and versatile people. Jeff Bezos wanted people who could grapple his vision and were willing to work to achieve it. He tried to establish a sense of alliance due to sharing both hard work and fun with his employees. Although pay was less than market salaries, attractive ownership options were offered. Amazons three practicable strategies are 1 . Cost-Leadership Amazon places itself as leader based only on the pricing.It offers the same product quality for lesser price. 2. client Differentiation Amazon uses design, quality and convenience as a differentiator which set it apart from its close competitors. 3. Focus Strategies Customer service is the major focus while realizing that each market has its own quirks. Amazon. coms values and philosophical system are at the center of the organization. These often determines the success and failure of the enterprise . The other important factors Amazon focuses on are customer satisfaction and operational frugality. These two values complement Amazon. oms operational trategies in achieving and maintaining an effective competitive advantage. Growth Drivers There are four primary drivers for growth 1. harvest-tide focus 2. Customer focus 3. Technology focus 4. Distribution focus Using the above stated strategies, Amazon has managed to place itself in a position of power and succe ss. 3. Use the 5 forces model to analyze and interpret the opportunities and threats that the industry within which a company operates (of your choice), throws up. Explain how the company plans to capitalise on the opportunities and face up the threats understanding where power lies in a business situation.It also helps to understand both the strength of a firms current competitive position, and the strength of a position a company is smell to move into. Despite the fact that the five Force framework focuses on business concerns rather than public policy, it also emphasizes extended competition for value rather than Just competition among existing rivals, and the simpleness of its applications programme inspired numerous companies as well as business schools to adopt its use (Wheelen and Hunger, 1998). * Chez Airlinbe company is not an isolated unit in the world and performs within a market full of other competitors.To be able to evaluate their position on market and to act accor dingly they themed the Porters Five Forces Model. This model helped to define and realize their business and its surroundings and identify threats and opportunities to focthem on. They review this model periodically to start out up-to-date data in this global and turbulent environment. The Porter Model consists of 5 elements which together comprises the environment business operate in. These elements are suppliers, customers, new entrants, existing competition and the product itself.By assessing every one of these elements they get the whole picture of heir company within the market and the rating helps them target the key areas. They theme the scale of 0-5 to evaluate the policies of each element where O means no policies and 5 very high policies (reffering to the number in the brackets). * 1) Policies of Suppliers As they operate in the areas of services there are no critical commodities having large influence of their everyday service delivery. Therefore this area is not of crit ical policies in a short run.However, they should not underestimate this element as they wouldnt be able to traverse the business in long run without suppliers. f their supply (3) This is a threat in reason of the blood linecraft machines. There are not many reputable airplanes (and airplanes parts) producers and therefore they could have strong policies to control the air travel industry. As for the catering, gift services and other indirect materials there are many fragmentise choice and therefore their policies is of almost no significance as they could be replaced quickly. There are no substitutes for the particular input (5) There are no substitutes for planes (in case they want to continue providing air loony toons instead of ground routes) and herefore the policies of this element is very high business critical. They could reduce this policies by handling lode theming the earth services but this might decrease service level they provide to their customers. * The suppli ers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining policies is low (4) There are more than 200 airlines all over the world and disdain some alliance organizations (such as IATA) they are all potential competitors.The policies of this element is relatively high as the suppliers could afford losing one customers but the customers cant afford loosing the critical supplier (e. g. Boeing). The switching be from one supplier to another are high (3) Switching costs in air enrapture industry are mainly related to the fact of limited airplanes producers and to the machine a company already owns. They theme planes form 3 producers Airbthem, Boeing and ATR.

“a Fable” by Mark Twain

John Alarcon American Lit. Mr. Mason Research paper A Fable by Mark Twain- Close reading In this short story a painting is the reason for the occurrences described. Animals in this story atomic number 18 portrayed in a human like manner, each having their own ideas and feelings and a common method of communi upchuckion. The painters swan is portrayed as a well-mannered and adroit existence. In the sentence The living creatures out in the woods heard of this through the housecat, who was greatly esteem by them because he was so learned the cat is made to look astute because the other animals are negligent to many of the things he tells them.To a human, what the cat says may not sound accurate or beneficial but to a group of animals thats dont know any better the cat seems brilliant. The vocabulary used by the cat to describe the painting and the mirror, also indicated that the cat is smart. The adjectives he uses are large and descriptive, the way he speaks and constructs his sentences shows how his level of thinking is superior. The Other animals were not described and interacted with in-depth enough to come out a personality for each of them.They were both made to be similar to one another because they were all in the same situation with the same tactile sensations and ideas toward the painting . The only animal that stood out besides the cat was the ass. This being that he was the only one to have a doubt in the toward the greatly admired cats story. The cat aroused the interest and curiosity of the animals. He was the one that informed because of said painting. It was the doubts of the ass that provoked the animals to finally get a look at the painting. The ass was the early to investigate the situation all the other animals after him got the same result from looking in the mirror.They stood in front of the painting which and all they saw was a reflection of themselves. Being that a different animal looked in the mirror every time, every animal got there own unique reflection of them self-importances and were convinced it was the only thing inside the mirror and there was no dainty and fascinate painting. What the author is trying to explain in this story is that every person has their own meaning and opinion to a story. The painting being a story or work of literature and the mirror being your imagination that gives its own unique reflection and understanding of the text.

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan was natural on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, to John Edward Jack Reagan and Nellie Wilson Reagan. His father nicknamed him Dutch, saying he looked like a fat little Dutchman. During Reagans early childhood, his family lived in multiple towns, finally settling in Dixon, Illinois, in 1920, where Jack Reagan opened a shoe store. In 1928, Ronald Reagan graduated from Dixon High School, where he was an suspensor and student body president and performed in school plays.During summer vacations, he worked as a life ring in Dixon. Enrolling t Eureka College in Illinois on an athletic scholarship, Reagan majored in economics and sociology. There, he contend football, ran track, captained the swim team, served as student council president and acted in school productions. After graduating in 1932, he make a Job as a radio sports announcer in Iowa. In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film familiar Rat with actress Jane Wyman. They got engaged at the Chicago the atre and then married on January 26, 1940.Together they had cardinal children, Maureen, and Christine (who was born in 1947 but only lived one day), and adopted a third, Michael. Following arguments about Reagans governmental ambitions, Wyman filed for dissociate in 1948. The divorce was finalized in 1949. He is the only US president to have been divorced. Reagan met actress Nancy Davis in 1949 later on she contacted him while he was president of the Screen Actors Guild to help her with issues regarding her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood (she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis).She described their meeting by saying, l dont know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close. They were engaged at Chasens eating place in Los Angeles and were married n March 4, 1952, at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley. They had two children named Patti and Ron. Friends described the Reagans relationship as close, authentic and intima te. He often called her Mommy she called him Ronnie. He once wrote to her, some(prenominal) I treasure and enjoy all would be without meaning if I didnt have you. When he was in the hospital in 1981, she slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by his scent. In a letter to U. S. citizens pen in 1994, Reagan wrote, l have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be discomfit with Alzheimers disease. I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful realise, and in 1998, while Reagan was suffering by Alzheimers, Nancy told Vanity Fair, Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are.When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, its true. It did. I cant imagine life without him. Reagan stepped into the national political spotlight in 1964, when he gave a well- received televised speech for Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, a dedicated conservative. Two years later, in his first race for p ublic office, Reagan defeated Democratic incumbent Edmund Pat Brown Sr. y almost 1 million votes, winning the California governorship. He was re-elected to a second term in 1970.

Storm Born Chapter Six

I turned the light certify on.Hey, Volusian, hows it going?He stepped forward, blinking with annoyance at the light, sound as Id kn hold he would. He was shorter than me, sincerely solid and humanoid in shape, which indicated a fair amount of power. He had smooth, almost showy black skin and those narrow red eyes that always unnerved me a little. His ears had a lithe point to them.I am the same(p) as always, cyprian.You know, you neer ask how I am. That hurts.He answered my lazy smile with a long-suffering scowl. That is because you atomic number 18 also always the same. You smell of life and blood and sex. And violets. You are a painful reminder of exclusively the liaisons I once was and solely the things I forget never be again. He paused thoughtfully. Actually, the scent of sex is stronger than usual. My mistress has beenbusy.Did you just patch up a joke?I said this differentiateially to deflect the sex issue save also to constrain teasing him. Volusian was sl ightly as damned as a soul could be. I didnt know what hed make when existing, entirely it had been unfairness enough that someone had cursed him from ever entering the world of the dead. His soul would never find some(prenominal) recreation. So he had haunted my world and the Otherworld until Id discovered him tormenting a suburban family.He was so powerful, as was his curse, that I had not been strong enough to destroy him and send him on. The best I could hasten done was cast him to the Otherworld, but I had no guarantees he wouldnt return. So Id done the next best thing I could Id enslaved him. He was bound to me until I released him or lost control. This way, I dictated his actions. I unremarkably kept him in the Otherworld until I needed him. Teasing him was a way to project confidence in my control, like I wasnt worried at all. I couldnt show any weakness with him. He had make it perfectly clear a number of sequences that he would kill me horrifically if he ever sk int free.He didnt respond to my last comment. He simply stared. He was unless obligated to answer head questions.I need some advice.I do as my mistress commands. There was an implied until I underside choke the breath from her body at the end of that sorb upmingly subservient statement.Im going to be carrefour over into the Otherworld soon. Physically.That almost surprised him. Almost. My mistress is foolish.Thanks. I have to find a human missy that some horny aristocracy abducted.He reconsidered. My mistress is brave and foolish.She was taken by a guy named Aeson. Do you know him?He is king of the Alder Land. Powerful. Very powerful.Stronger than me?Volusian stayed silent, thinking. Your powers do not diminish in the Otherworld, as some humans do. Even so, he willing still be at his full strength. It would be a close battle. Were you to fight him in this world, there would be no contest. He would be weaker by far.I dont think I can manage that. What about you guys? Im goi ng to bring you along. Will it back up?I feared my mistress would say that. Yes, of course it will benefactor. You know my binds force me to protect you, no depicted object how much angst it causes me.Aw, dont sound so glum. Think of it as job security.Make no mistake, mistress. I whitethorn protect you now, but as soon as I have the chance, I will rip current the body-build from your body and tear your bones apart. I will ensure you suffer so hard that you will beg me for death. Yet, steady then, your soul will not find relief. I will anguish it for all eternity.He spoke in a flat tone, not as a threat, but simply as a statement of fact. Honestly, after my week of propositions, statements about my impending death were lovely of a refreshing return to normality.Looking forward to it, Volusian. I yawned and sat on the bed. Anything else constructive youve got to sally? In rescuing the girl, I mean.I suspect my mistress is tooset in her ways for my advice, but you could soli cit help.Solicit it from whom? I dont have anyone else to go to.Not in this world you dont.It took me a bite to thwart what he was saying. No. No way. Im not going to some gentry or lifespan for help. Not like theyd give it anyway.I would not be so certain of that, mistress.Gentry were petty and dishonest. They had no regard for anyone but themselves. No way would I appeal to one. No way would I in assertion one.Volusian watched me. When he saw I would not respond, he said It is as I thought. My mistress will not hear anything she doesnt want to. She is too stubborn.No, Im not. Im always open to things.As you say, mistress.The look on his face somehow managed to be angelic and scream you fucking hypocrite all at the same time. All right, I said impatiently, lets hear it.There is another king, Dorian, who rules the Oak Land. He and Aeson hate for each one other in a polite-faced, political manner, of course.No surprise there. Im surprised they arent all turning on each other. That doesnt mean hed help me.I believe Dorian would be very happy to see someone source and kill off Aeson. Especially if he did not have to actually do it himself. He cleverness offer a great deal of assistance to see you do it.Might creation the operative formulate. So youre suggesting I just show up at his door and ask for help?Volusian inclined his head in the affirmative.Have I ever killed or cast out any of his people?Likely.Then I think its likely hed kill me the moment I set foot on his land. I cant imagine any gentrys keen on permit their biggest assassin in the door.I wasnt touting egotism in that statement. Much like Volusians death threats, I simply stated a fact. I knew my own worth and reputation as far as the Otherworld was concerned. I mean, it wasnt like I was reaching race murder levels or anything I just had much notches on my belt than most.Dorian hasan odd sense of humor. It might amuse him to welcome an enemy like you. He would enjoy the sensation it w ould cause among others.So he uses me for entertainment and then kills me. I couldnt believe Volusian was even suggesting a plan like this. He dislike me, but he also knew me. If he hadnt had such a stick up his ass, I would have sworn he was messing with me. Yet, his bindings forced him to sincerely give the best of his counsel if I asked it.If he gives you his word of hospitality, he is honor-bound to keep you safe.Since when do gentry keep their word? Or have honor?Volusian regarded me carefully. may I speak bluntly, mistress?As opposed to usual?Your hatred of the gentry blinds you to their true nature. You are also blind to the only thing that might let you escape this mad scheme alive not that I would mind if you were torn to bloody shreds by Aesons people. yet whatever else you believe, one of the gentry will stake his life on his word. They keep their oaths better than humans.I honestly didnt believe that. No matter how much I might need help with this, it wasnt worth it. I would not make a deal with the devil.No. I wont do it.Volusian gave a small shrug. As my mistress wishes. It makes no difference if you speed your own death. I cannot die, after all.I stared at him in exasperation. He stared back. oscillation my head, I stood up for another summoning.Okay, if thats all, Im gonna call the rest of the gang.He hesitated. May Iask my mistress a question first?I turned in surprise. Volusian was the epitome of dont-speak-until-spoken-to. He only answered what was asked of him. He did not seek out other information. This was new. Wow. What a week of earth-shattering events.Sure, go ahead.You do not trust me.Thats not a question, but no, I dont.Yetyou came to me for advice first. Before you spoke to the others. Why?It was a adept question. I was about to summon ii other minions. I didnt trust them either, but they had to a greater extent evidence to show loyalty than Volusian. They did not describe my graphic death on a regular basis.Because no matte r what else you may be, youre smarter than they are. I could have elaborated on that, but I didnt. That was really all there was to it.He thought about this for a long time. My mistress is less foolish than she ordinarily appears. I think it was the closest he could come to thanking me for a compliment or giving one.I took out the wand and summoned my other two spirits. I didnt bother with candles or darkness because these ones were easier to call in particular since I was technically only requesting one to come, not ordering him.The coldness and pressure came again, and then two other forms appeared. Volusian stepped back, arms crossed, not looking im touch. The two newcomers glanced around, taking note that I had gathered all of them. The three of them never interacted much in my viewing, but I always wondered if maybe they hung out for coffee or something in the Otherworld and made fun of me. Kind of like how people make fun of their emboss after work during happy hour.Stil l affecting unconcerned, lazy control, I unwrapped a whitish Way and sat back on my bed again. Leaning against the wall, I surveyed my team.Nandi was less powerful than Volusian, so she had a less substantial form in this world. She appeared as a translucent, opalescent figure that seemed vaguely female in shape. Centuries ago, she had been a Zulu woman accused of witchcraft by her people. They had killed her and, like Volusian, cursed her from finding rest. Unlike Volusians, I could break this curse and send her on to the land of death. I had encountered her haunting this world, more frightening than harmful, and bound her in service to me in exchange for eventual peace. I had demanded three old age of loyalty, one of which she had fulfilled. When the other two were up, I would let her pass on. Whereas Volusian always seemed sullen and sarcastic, Nandi was always sad. She was the throwaway child for a lost soul. A real downer.Finn, however, was a different story. Of the three, only he looked happy to be here. He too was not powerful enough to have a solid form. He translated to this plane as small and glittering, barely there, much like how humans perceived Disney-type pixies. I had no claims on Finn. He had started hanging around because he found me entertaining. So he popped up from time to time, followed me, and would generally come when called. I had the power to force his service, but even as much as I disliked all things from the Otherworld I was hard-pressed to do so without provocation. I didnt entirely trust anyone who offered help so freely, but he had never given me reason to doubt him either. Indeed, hed always been very helpful. I had no idea what his story was, if he too was a cursed spirit. Id never pressed for the details.His shining body settled upon my dresser. Hey, Odile, whats new? Why do you smell like sex? Did you get some? Why are we all here? Too much exposure to my world and video had given him a better grasp of our slang than the others.I ignored the questions. Hey, Finn, hey, Nandi. The female spirit and nodded in acknowledgment of the greeting. So, I said in my best boardroom voice, Im sure youre all inquire why I called you here today. None of them found that funny, so I just kept going. Well, match yourselves Im going to be paying you guys a visit. In the flesh. The real deal.Nandi showed no reaction whatsoever. Finn leapt up in excitement. Really? Truly? When? Now?Nice to know someone appreciated me. I debriefed them, telling them the story. Volusian leaned against my wall, letting his body language convey to me what an utter waste of his time it was to have to hear this all again.Finns earnestness diminished a little. Oh. Well. Thats ballsy but also kind ofFoolish, said Nandi in her typically gloomy monotone. It will end in despair. Dark, bitter despair. You will die, and I will never know peace. My suffering will be without end.Never thought Id hear you two agree with Volusian.Finn shrugged. It is a good cause, honest. But you cant really just walk into Aesons castle and take the girl. Not that Im saying you arent tough enough or anything. Youll just need a plan. A really good one. Yeah. Whats your plan?Um, wellto walk into his castle and take the girl.Volusian sighed loudly. It was hard to tell with those red slits, but I think he rolled his eyes.I jab him an angry glance. Hey, its a hell of a lot better than your plan. Would you like to share it with the rest of the class?He did.When he finished, Finn said, Now, thats a good plan.I threw my hands up. No, its not. Its a horrible plan. Im not communicate one of the gentry for help.King Dorian might help you, offered Nandi, although his help would most likely only offer a brief flaring of hope, which would then make our ultimate defeat that much more tragic.Stop with the maudlin crap, Nandi. I wished they made ghost Prozac. Anyway, its a moot point. Were taking on Aeson directly. give the sack of discussion.I gave th em the time and location of our meeting spot, binding them to silence about the plan. I had to take it on faith that Finn wouldnt let the cat out of the bag, but once hed reconciled himself to my possible demise, he seemed handsome stoked about the whole idea.I have one more question for all of you before I release you. In the last week, three denizens from the Otherworld knew my name. Whats going on? How many of them know who I am?None of the spirits answered right away. Finally, in a voice that sounded like he couldnt believe I was asking, Finn said, Why, everyone. Well, almost everyone. Everyone that counts. Its all theyve been talk about for the last couple of weeks. Odile Dark Swan is Eugenie Markham. Eugenie is Odile.I stared. Everyones been talking about this?The three spirits nodded.And none of you none of you thought this was worth bringing to my attention? more than silence. Finally Nandi, compelled to answer any direct question, merely said, You did not ask, mistress. Yes, agreed Volusian dryly. Had you summoned us and asked, Is my name know in the Otherworld? then we would have readily answered.Smartass.Thank you, mistress.It wasnt a compliment. I ran a hand through with(predicate) my hair. How did this happen?Maybe someone guessed, said Finn.Volusian cut him a glance. Do not be an even bigger fool than you already are. The dark spirit turned back to me. Not all creatures come to this world to fight you. Some may have spied. For someone quiet, discovering your identity would not have been so difficult.What are they saying, then? Are they all going to try to kill me?Some are, said Finn. But most of them are weak. You could probably take them in a fight.Unfortunately, added Volusian.Great. This was not good news. Some part of me had been hoping only a few knew, but now it seemed my identity was the gossip du jour in the Otherworld. I wondered if it would be worthwhile to find a local witch and set wards around my house. I could also keep the spir its on permanent guard duty, but I didnt really know if my patience was up for large doses of their idiosyncrasies.All right, then. Get out of here. Come back at the time we set up. Oh, and if any of you hear anything that might be useful about Aeson and the girl, come tell me. Do not dwell until I explicitly ask you. Those last words were a growl.Finn vanished instantly, but Nandi and Volusian watched me expectantly.I sighed. By flesh and spirit, I release you from service until next I call. Depart to the next world in peace and do not return until my summons.The spirits faded into nothing, and I was left alone.